CIP4 Science Progression Practice Test

A large volcanic eruption can release substantial amounts of ash and sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere. These particles and gases can lead to a phenomenon known as volcanic winter. When sulfur dioxide is released, it can convert into sulfate aerosols in the stratosphere, reflecting sunlight away from the Earth and thus reducing global temperatures temporarily. This can result in cooler temperatures for extended periods, disrupting typical weather patterns and leading to shorter growing seasons in some regions.

In contrast, global warming refers to the long-term increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities such as fossil fuel burning, rather than volcanic activity. Ozone depletion is primarily caused by man-made chemicals, particularly chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and is not a direct result of volcanic eruptions. El Niño refers to a periodic climate pattern characterized by warming sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean, also unrelated to volcanic activity.